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特种功能颜料概述之防锈颜料

特种功能颜料概述之防锈颜料

防锈颜料不以着色为目的,而是用于配制防锈漆的一类颜料,有保护金属表面不被腐蚀的作用。早期的品种是红丹、铬酸盐颜料,其防腐蚀的效果早已有定论,因含有铅及六价铬,属有毒颜料,当前应积极发展一些高效、无毒的防锈颜料,以取代早期的有毒品种。
(1)红丹、黄丹及其他含铅防锈颜料
红丹(Pb3O4)是最重要的传统防锈颜料,它的防锈效果可靠。
黄丹(PhO)属生产红丹的中间产品,也是一种化工产品,统计产量时合在一起计算为红黄丹。
红丹因含铅而逐步退出防锈颜料的行列,但它本身是一种不能替代的化工原料,在蓄电池、玻璃、陶瓷、橡胶等行业广泛应用,总的产量不见减少。
为了节约用铅,现已有以部分钙取代铅的品种铅酸钙(Ca2PhO4),防锈效果据试验已达到红丹的防锈能力,因含有铅而未能推广应用。
硅铬酸铅也属红丹的代用品,它是一种包核颜料,铅同硅酸盐紧密结合,毒性较低,在部分地区得到推广应用。此外尚有氰氨(基)化铅、碱式硅酸铅、二碱式亚磷酸铅等含铅品种。
但由于铅对人体的毒性醒来越受到社会的关注,目前已在多国(包括中国)制定了各种法规和标准,对bob娱乐体育官方入口 中含铅颜料的使用进行了限制或禁用。
(2)铬酸盐类防锈颜料
锌铬黄、四碱式锌黄、锶铬黄、钡铬黄、钙铬黄等铬酸盐类防锈颜料均含有六价铬,属有毒颜料。其防锈机理在于六价铬在金属表面可形成钝化层,防锈效力很可靠,因毒性问题,这类颜料也逐步由无毒防锈颜料所取代。
(3)磷酸盐类防锈颜料
磷酸锌是20世纪60年代才开始应用的,它是最重要的无毒防锈颜料。磷酸锌的水解产物能同钢铁表面反应并形成铁锌磷酸复合盐的保护膜,被认为是较理想的红丹替代品,不过它同红丹的防锈机理不尽相同。随后又出现了一些磷酸锌的改性品种,以及多种复合的磷酸盐防锈颜料新品种,如聚磷酸铝、磷酸铬、磷钼酸锌、磷钼酸钙镑、羟基亚磷酸锌、磷硼酸镑、磷化铁等。
德国、美国、法国、西班牙、英国等国均有开发产品,这方面的开发工作相当活跃。我国自20世纪70年代开始用磷酸锌及其他磷酸盐类防锈颜料替代含铅、铬的颜料,取得一定的效果。
(4)硼酸盐类防锈颜料
偏硼酸钡(BaB204·H20)是这类颜料的主要产品。 美国开发这种产品,其目的是制备一种防霉、防锈的品种。
(5)离子交换防锈颜料
这种颜料的主要组成是含钙离子的沸石或硅胶。它能以Ca2+交换涂膜中的氢离子,从而使酸性物质得到中和,而Ca2+又能同金属氧化物膜相结合,维持较高的pH,起到了防腐蚀的效果。这种颜料因不含重金属而无毒,受到一定的重视,英国于20世纪80年代起开发这类颜料。
(6)屏蔽型防锈颜料
一般的防锈颜料的防锈作用均腐化学性质,如与金属表面生成络合物、提高pH、起钝化作用等。
通过大量观察和研究,人们注意到片状颜料能在bob娱乐体育官方入口 中排列成层、层层叠加,形成交叉而封闭性良好的屏蔽层,使外界的水分、气体、紫外线无法侵入金属表面,起到防腐蚀的效果,其作用的性质属于物理性的。
天然云母氧化铁(Fe203),具有云母状的片状结构,属屏蔽型防锈颜料,为防锈底漆、重防腐bob娱乐体育官方入口 所选用。
合成云母氧化铁于20世纪80年代在英国投产,改变工艺参数可控制产品的片径、厚度,质量较天然产品更加符合配漆的要求,但生产成本较天然产品高。
目前云母氧化铁颜料主要是使用在防腐bob娱乐体育官方入口 体系的中涂层中。

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